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Use ASIL Aware Static Analysis to Detect Memory Interferences
Corruption of Memory Content This blog is about “ASIL Aware Static Analysis of Memory Interferences”, a novel technique to detect and repair memory interferences which has been implemented in the TASKING Safety Checker tool. My previous blog about “Weaknesses in defenses against memory interference” explained the state of the art to ensure freedom from memory interference and showed that the prevailing solutions have limitations such as
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Weaknesses in Defenses Against Memory Interference
Freedom from Interference You are right if you consider taking enough sleep as a safeguard against memory interference. However this blog is not about interferences that affect our human memory and learning capabilities. Instead it is about how memory interferences are detected and resolved in today's safety critical software systems. Nevertheless there are quite a few similarities between a psychological and a software engineering view on memory
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Future Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Need Wireless Connections
The cars of today are significantly more advanced than the ones made even 10 or 20 years ago. Most of these advancements have been made under the hood, without the users really knowing or understanding what changed. One such adjustment that needs to happen is a move from physical conductors to wireless connections for data transfer in cars. ADAS cars have many barriers to hurdle, and weight and space requirements are one of them. An explosion of
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Fulfilling Requirements for Advanced Automotive Development
Safety-critical software functions required in a car are traditionally placed in separate, single-core Electronic Control Unit (ECU). With this practice, it’s easy to ensure that different functions with potentially different functional safety requirements and Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) are physically insulated and protected against interference from each other. Today, it is common to combine many of these single core ECUs into a
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The Death of Optimizing Compilers...Or is it?
Recently I came across the tutorial "The Death of Optimizing Compilers" () from Daniel J. Bernstein, professor of mathematics and computer science at the Eindhoven University of Technology and research professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago. This tutorial was originally presented at ETAPS the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software. Since I earn my living at TASKING, a compiler company, it made sense to check his
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Neural Network Supervision and ADAS Vehicle Safety
Have you ever wished you were a bit smarter? I know I have, particularly during my linear signals and systems classes in college. Now we’re using the things I learned in that class, like fast Fourier transforms, to make cars more astute. Neural networks can use a variety of incoming data to help automobiles learn and “see” the world around them. The only problem with giving machines intelligence is that it opens them up to failure, which I
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Low Power Memory Management For Embedded Systems
There are different types of memory in embedded systems. Today what you need to know about is low power memory management. Which kind of memory you access and how you access it, matters a great deal. The two main kinds we’ll look at are scratchpad memory (SPM) and cache memory. Both types have their own natural pros and cons providing better performance in certain cases. Access Costs In embedded systems, we’re often concerned about speed
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How to Perform Memory Testing in Embedded Systems
As I get older I find I have more and more memory problems. I walk into a room only to forget why I went in there, several times. I’ve even started to forget the city streets in my hometown and have to use a GPS to get me places. As annoying as normal memory problems are, memory issues in embedded systems can be much worse. Memory leaks, fragmentation, and even crosstalk can affect your memory units. If you’re not prepared this could lead to
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Intelligent Performance Tuning for Embedded ADAS Solutions
The Balancing Act Developers creating embedded advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) solutions walk a performance tuning tightrope. They must continually balance the size of the compiled program versus the execution speed. In the automotive space, devices are by nature small – memory is a constraining resource. Therefore, code must be uber-efficient and make optimal use of the various available types of memory (CPU registers, RAM, etc.). In
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How Compiler Vectorization in Computer Architecture Can Help You
What if I told you there was a way to increase the speed of your code and reduce its size? Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) computing can be achieved using parallel computers. It can also help you improve code performance while decreasing its size. Vectorization is a technique that really can take advantage of SIMD hardware. This can either be implemented by the programmer or can be carried out by the compiler. As always there are both
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What Tesla’s Electric Car Battery Technology Means for Future Vehicles
Editorial credit: Taina Sohlman / Shutterstock.com What do you think has spurred the boom in consumer electronics? Maybe it’s faster processors the size of a stamp or low power wide area networks. I, personally, think the the Internet of Things boom and the recent rise in machine learning technology comes from a different sources, batteries. Batteries inform the design of many embedded systems, but none more than the electric vehicle (EV). They
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Drowned Robot Highlights Current Challenges in Autonomous Vehicle Development
My father always told me to hope for the best but prepare for the worst. This advice has prepared me well for endless failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and quality control meetings where we try to think of every way something could go wrong. In some industries, things can go more wrong than in others. If I’m designing something like smart silverware and it has a bug, no one really cares. If I’m building an autonomous vehicle and it has a
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What’s in Your Sensor Fusion Toolbox?
Fusion is the art of combining two (or more) disparate items and creating something that is greater than the sum of its parts. Like kimchi tacos. Or chocolate nachos. Or Chinese pizza. Or, in the case of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles, radar + Lidar + camera + GPS + gyroscope – that is, sensor fusion. By 2025, the percentage of new vehicle platforms with sensor-fusion modules will grow from 4 percent to 21
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Techniques Used in Loop Optimization: Analysis and Loop Invariant Code Motion
I sometimes find it very difficult to learn about new programming techniques because there are often no explanations of what’s actually going on behind the scenes. I remember when I started my first Arduino project I had to send UDP (user datagram protocol) packets from my Arduino to an Internet of Things device. There were lots of mid level tutorials for sending UDP packets, but none that told me which ports I had to use for sending and
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Why Connected Cars and Big Data Use NAND Memory
As I get older I realize more and more how important memory is. I walk into a room to do something and then immediately forget my task. Repeat that process two or three times and it starts to get annoying. Memory is also important in embedded systems, particularly in connected cars with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Our vehicles are getting smarter every day, and gaining lots of gizmos and gadgets in the process. All of these systems
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Inline Functions in C Language: Why and When They Are Used In ADAS Software
I love watching “behind the scenes” clips of movies. It’s fascinating how the actors, cameramen, and all the other crew work together to make a film. It’s great to see the hilarious outtakes too. Seeing the little mistakes and unglamorous side of movies helps me to better appreciate them on the big screen. While compilers are not as entertaining as films, they also have a lot going on behind the scenes. It’s easy to use compiler optimizations
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Automotive Functional Safety: What It Is and Why You Should Care
Historically, functional safety has been measured by reliability as determined by various statistical methods including Markov analysis and fault tree analysis. But as the automotive industry accelerates into an era marked by increasingly complex embedded software solutions associated with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving (AD), it is clear that such a general definition is not sufficient. Therefore, the
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